Backlinks without buying them

A link from another site is a recommendation. Google uses it as one signal among others. Buying links, mass exchanges, and networks of sites violate the spam policies. They are not a shortcut for a new business.

What counts as a link and what counts as a purchase

A link someone placed because the page helped them is a reasonable signal. A link that was paid for, or swapped in a large "I will link to you if you link to me" deal, is what Google describes as manipulation.

For a small business the first step is not a link campaign. The first step is a page someone can cite: a price that is explained, a process, or a technical explanation with numbers. Without that there is no reason another site would point at you.

An external link
TypeWhat it isRisk
A natural mentionSomeone linked because it is usefulLow
A business profile, an official directoryA real presenceLow if the details are true
A bought link packagePayment for placementA spam-policy violation
A mass exchangeA link dealThe same risk